Vidal Business Strategy Overconfidence

Vidal Business Strategy Overconfidence Presentation During the yearly marketable strategy meeting with respect to the shower gel brand Vidal, it was chosen for 2017 to decrease the 1+1 promotion amounts with an end goal to accomplish better benefit versus a year ago. From the contentions that were introduced, I accept that the group has overestimated the likelihood for the last situation to occur, since the choice may has been affected by arrogance. The point of this report is a) to introduce contentions that legitimize the last mentioned, b) to identify the wellspring of this predisposition and c) to suggest de-inclination strategies that will be demonstrated helpful additionally for what's to come. The case Vidal, in a brief timeframe turned into the third player into the section, with a consistent development. A year ago it picked up +3.5 focuses as far as piece of the overall industry and a +30% expansion in esteem deals. Chiefs pointed that the key drivers of progress were: a) the extraordinary incentive for cash item b) the most elevated pace of 1+1 promotion power c) the venture on dispersion and customary publicizing. The group presumed that the goal to enter the market was finished and there is a chance to accomplish better benefit and ROI toward the finish of 2017. This could occur by a 20-25% decrease in 1+1 promotion amounts. Following this procedure, supervisors assessed that they can hold at any rate a years ago worth deals, which in blend with the lower cost of selling products will improve the brands gainfulness. The best partner that will bolster the last is items greatness and shopper dependability. All the more explicitly, they thought about that the mix of items low value (2ndlowest) and quality is one of a kind to such an extent, that by diminishing the 1+1 promotion, buyers will be coordinated towards the normal item. Also, after the conveyance extension the group evaluated that the items predominance versus rivalry will pull in new shoppers. I feel that the two situations are pompous and their probabilities ought to be rethought for the accompanying reasons. At first, the discoveries of a subjective examination showed that Vidal is an incentive for cash item, yet at the same time needs terms of bundling. Most buyers considered the bundling as antiquated and corresponded it with Private Label. Moreover, they showed some viable issues during the utilization which are fit to control the two clients experience and perceptional quality. From a quantitative viewpoint, it was seen that 55% of Vidals incomes were created from the 1+1 amounts though the normal item introduced a sharp increment in 3 out of 5 differences, chiefly as a result of conveyance development and not from picking up shoppers from different players. Private Labels are pioneers into the section while in 2016 introduced a significant development. From the information report, I saw that the subsequent player had around - 40% lower cost during certain periods that are not upheld from their 1+1 promotion wave. From the last I speculate that they may put resources into value decreases so as to compel PLs development since they are increasingly costly. As a result I might want to underline that: Private names are developing essentially in a value touchy fragment. Possibly by lessening 1+1 amounts we may push our shoppers towards them, since we are profoundly connected and progressively costly. Palmolive may has understood the danger of PL and might has adjusted its technique by offering value decreases. The activity to decrease our speculation under these conditions may likewise surge purchasers towards them. I believe that the group has overestimated the normal items upper hand contrasted and rivalry and disparaged the significance of 1+1 promotion. I accept that the wellspring of this predisposition is created by the groups inspiration to improve benefits since its a key exhibition pointer for both the companys and chiefs development. During this exertion administrators realized that isn't possible to expand interest so as to support deals and therefore they pondered a cost decrease system. The underlying criticism about the awesome outcomes may helped their certainty, though the way that the brand has encountered just victories may obliged them to think about elective situations. So as to improve the dynamic procedure I might want to suggest a few strategies of decreasing pomposity. The first is connected about the significance of counter-argumentation. This implies supervisors when taking a choice ought to consider reasons why this choice may turns out badly. On the off chance that the last is troublesome, at that point they could ask from outcasts to communicate their assessment. For instance for our situation before favoring the choice all the colleagues is prescribed to list various reasons why the 1+1 decrease couldn't prompt expanded productivity. In the event that that nobody could consider any explanation at that point, the Sales power ought to give some contribution, since they have astounding feeling of the market and its elements. Besides, I would demonstrate the significance of input. The organization is working since 1970 while is comprised structure experienced and new individuals. It is an extraordinary chance to misuse the companys information by making a contextual analysis library that will have all the companys past victories and disappointments. When a year we could sort out the Sarantis-Training-Academy, in which chiefs will be relegated with cases, and they will be approached to give their contribution to every technique by appointing probabilities about their supported theory. A while later, they will be educated about the genuine result and administrators will know whether they are careless or not. At long last starting now and into the foreseeable future, I suggest that the Brand supervisor ought to be responsible for each choice. After each field-tested strategy meeting he will be dependable to introduce the recommendations on the governing body. The way that he should introduce the plans to seniors and experienced individuals may assist him with enhancing both self and gathering analysis and decreasing arrogance. End The showcasing group may has overestimated the likelihood of their situation in regards to the brands methodology of 2017, though this time has dismissed additionally the regulating approach. The great dispatch in mix with the way that Vidal has encountered just triumphs may helped the degree of certainty. So as to improve the choice procedure this report has proposed 3 debias methods (input, consider-the inverse and responsibility) that as indicated by the social exploration appear to kill arrogance. Part B Presentation Carelessness may be demonstrated an injurious component for the dynamic procedure since it doesn't just inspires individuals to overestimate their probabilities about the supported situation yet it likewise can cause disastrous outcomes. For instance, in an investigation that inspected the impact of pomposity on newsvendors gauges, demonstrated that the higher the presumptuousness the quicker the benefit misfortune (Crosson and Ren, 2009), while these days arrogance is by all accounts a key driver for some, fire up disappointments. This report depends on past examinations, and intends to underline the makes that activated carelessness the Vidals advertising group while in equal is centering to give a progression of debiasing methods with an end goal to kill its impact. Presumptuousness and Success In Vidals case I feel that the fruitful dispatch among with the wide acknowledgment of the groups endeavors, may have supported their degree of certainty. This connection among progress and carelessness has parcel of similitudes with the instance of Ducati. All the more explicitly, in 2003 Ducati entered the cruiser hustling circuit MotoGP without having exclusive requirements. During this exertion, the group was concentrating on information investigation and was gathering persistent criticism from the drivers for its improvement. Toward the finish of the main year, Ducati outperformed each desire and assembled the second spot, though for one year from now the group focused on the first spot. This time the separated point was that the group quit looking profoundly into the information and getting criticism. They thought about that now their experience was sufficient so as to make a shockingly better motorbike. When a colleague showed you investigate the information to comprehend whats turning out badly and not why you are performing admirably. The following year Ducati didn't secured desires and performed surprisingly more terrible than the earlier year. (Gino and Pisano,2011). Additionally, as on Ducatis case, it is momentous how the V idals advertising group after its effective dispatch didnt look profoundly into the information, since so far it was a key guideline earlier making any move. Furthermore, the group appeared to be pompous about their expectations as well as about the items attributes and execution. There are discoveries which show that achievement can motivate pomposity. For instance in an ongoing report, Hilary and Menzly (2016) found that examiners turning out to be careless when they accomplish exact gauges as they will in general depend more on private data and to disregard markets response. As a result they perform less exact forecasts later on. Also, when a merchant accomplishes effective exhibition he gets presumptuous as he will in general reconsider his perceptional abilities higher than the normal. The last leads him not to utilize significant data despite the fact that he may has a decent database (Gervais and Odean, 2001). Walter and Ferrier (2004) expressed additionally that achievement could create carelessness while it makes supervisors narrow minded on new possibilities. Since, achievement motivates pomposity, it is significant for chiefs to look at and comprehend the reasons for progress (Gino and Pisano,2011). Definition and Sources of Overconfidence Plous (1993,p.217) expressed that no judgment choice is more pervasive and more cataclysmic than pomposity. So as to help this method of reasoning in his book are a few instances of the negative outcomes of carelessness. One

DTLLS Unit Seven Free Essays

string(53) adapt to the progressions that will come in the future. Presentation It is irrefutable that every individual requires particular conditions to sustain a development and advancement that will transform them into the individual they become. These conditions are given through the establishment of instruction through exhaustive information on the instructive foundation and the prerequisites and assortment of characteristics that every understudy presents. Taking a gander at myself, I can say that my learning condition was the most significant piece of my life, urging me to step into the world and seek after a vocation I appreciate. We will compose a custom exposition test on DTLLS Unit Seven or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now It demonstrated effective in building up close to home capability, social and subjective aptitudes, just as permitting capable gains in information and self-rule. Since learning is a ceaseless procedure in an individual’s life, the characteristics conveyed impact following stages and subsequently the significance of techniques for educating and assessment is weighty. The commitment of figuring out how to monetary development is one of numerous difficulties in our general public today. Educators largy affect the aptitudes and formative abilities student’s convey with them to try to a profession into that segment. It is urgent to furnish understudy with something other than realities yet the instruments that will ‘increase desires and familiarity with the estimation of aptitudes to them’ (Leitch Review of Skills Final Report, 2006). As study shows that our out-of-class encounters are similarly as significant as the ones we learn in class (George D. Kuh, 1995). They have an expanding impact in transit things are seen in the educational program and that drives me to the end that understudies with less social capacity might be at a higher danger of utilizing a profession where they are less characterized contrasted with those with higher amiability that would seek after vocations that are reasonable to their characterized character istic’s and capacities. Hence, treating every understudy separately will empower those people that can't prosper inside their surroundings to recognize themselves and acknowledge accomplishments and aptitudes in quest for explicit vocations. Besides, Dewey gives a comprehension on reflection on such encounters and its significance in advancing an increasingly intricate and interrelated mental pattern (Wertenbroch Nabeth, 2000). It by and large assists with summarizing information from encounters and instruction and develop it intellectually and use it in proficient practice and to comprehend the world. To manage people into higher request thoroughly considering the abilities learned in class is a noteworthy objective. Absence of it very well may be a consequence of condition, learning and decreased assignments of reflection. As an instructor I accept reflection is necessary in the deep rooted learning process and to urge it is to support advancement in efficient development. By adding profundity to the implications of perceptions and portrayals made in class it is conceivable to identify with the individual and arrive at the gained objective in this particular territory. The strategies utilized in class will improve self-awareness and upgrade the enthusiasm for learning overall. Utilizing engaging composing reports, which permit the understudies to reason dependent on their own judgment and empower critical thinking, is a fundamental. Concerning the realities, Hatton Smith revealed four exercises that guide the procedure of reflection: Action inquire about undertakings, case and social examinations, handy encounters, organized educational plan errands like understanding fiction and true to life just as oral meetings and keeping diaries. Network recovery can be made through headways in the organization of training and better instructors with an increasingly adjusted comprehension of the world. Section 2: Influxes of progress have been executed in the instructive division and our impression of it and the capacity to adapt to it have demonstrated troublesome. Approach can be seen as the technique for bettering and expanding the open doors for students with the end goal for them to procure capabilities and improve their capacities. In any case, it has been a test for the division to retouch the framework in a manner that is similarly useful to both the staff and the understudies. Some state: â€Å"Changing the status quo done †¦ doesn't really change either a definitive yields of the framework or the fundamental rules that describe the division. These standards lie in the social and expert qualities and the cultural desires that support the framework at the full scale scale.† (Lumby and Foskett, 2005:27). Then again, some trust it can annihilate the framework: â€Å"Commitment to the students may not, in any case, be sufficient to assist staff with adapting to the weights o f further rushes of change.†(Paper, 2005) Agreeably, it is an enormous duty that the school personnel must interpretation of yet it is by the by a high objective to accomplish particularly when it is continually evolving. Having said this, it is evident in the current instructive society, changes had strongly affect the school personnel and in the end streaming down to the understudies. To keep up the standards recently referenced you should perseveringly instruct without overlooking the â€Å"why† and â€Å"which† questions that unequivocally influence a minority of understudies while showing a gathering for instance. So it very well may be said that these variances impact understudies and the educators, which appears to be to some degree counterproductive to accomplish an increasingly proficient instructive framework. The serious issue currently is that as a result of subsidizing cuts, schools and their staff can't further utilize hardware and offices to accomplish new and energizing techniques for showing more youthful understudy, which limits understudy intrigue and unavoidably absence of enthusiasm for instruction overall. The impacts that instructive change have on the learning cir cle produces various repercussions with the more youthful ones with correlation with the more established understudies it has been seen through certain investigations that modifications in assessment style or simply broad educational program changes demonstrates hard to acclimate to. In this way it is savvy to take additional alert in elementary school classes so as to direct the kids fittingly and through instructive norms permit them to feel stable. To additionally uphold, it is the obligation of the school personnel to not let changes influence the instructing in the study hall. Moreover, it is compulsory to see the route changes in the past have permitted us to adapt to the progressions that will come later on. You read DTLLS Unit Seven in class Article models Currently, the instructive atmosphere has been consistently changing to set up a progressively prepared establishment for every present atmosphere and the difficulties they face. The upside of this is it has given educators and staff of today a superior comprehension of how to get ready and adjust to change without significant effect on instructing and understudy. Past encouraging encounters have indicated that during changes in the framework, there is a lot of disarray in educational program and instructing, which has made the progress to the new framework harder for educators to adapt to and at last impact the understudies learning. Under activity initiative, all staff individuals are relied upon to assume liability for the achievements of the instructing and execution, which by definition depict a high need on improving and keeping up a successful instructive framework. Administration in a participative gathering will be coordinated to the assignments distinguished by the gathering, and pioneers will develop with endorse from the gathering. Because of past ages of training workforce we have intentionally discovered that all degrees of instruction in this nation are basically about educating without perceiving what is required to build up an exceptionally useful gathering. Understudies don’t have an essential job in what is to be educated. Understudies hold on to be determined what to do and how this is to be accomplished. Educating, affected by the specialists, puts the understudy in an exacting relationship with the instructor and their educators as it were. Luckily there are some acceptable instructors who energize and encourage learning, however we have for the most part educators who mention to their understudies what has been chosen they have to consider and learn in the study hall. At last, productive learning is an individual excursion, coming about because of the support of a consistent practice and of individual inspiration. Discovering that is the route forward in instruction and an undertaking basicall y heavily influenced by the individual, encompassed by the formative abilities that are experienced all through the course, and with time and development is tightened to some degree by the technique and course of encounters open to the educator and understudy. Section 3: Assessment has consistently been a key and a critical job in effectively keeping up a helpful and follower learning condition. It permits the educator and the school personnel to all the more likely comprehend the vacillations of understudy understanding and of explicit subjects at explicit occasions during the instructive year. It takes into account battling understudies to comprehend their troubles and with the educators help better their understanding, it takes into account surpassing understudies to push their learning limit and accomplish higher than desires. Assessment has consistently been, and consistently will be a key, conclusive and basic column in instruction. Anyway a few resources in the instructive society accept that by early assessment of understudies since the age of 6 in their first year of grade school have numerous ruins to it including pressure, teacher’s partiality and understudies despising the time they have in school which eventually opposes the idea of learning and educating overall. In spite of the fact that this might be valid in certain cases, as a result of early assessment we have had the option to recognize understudies at an early age who have learning challenges and take care of their needs, we have likewise been capable

Blog Archive January 20 Long-Term Planning (Boston)

Blog Archive January 20 Long-Term Planning (Boston) Applying to business school in 2011? 2012? By taking action now, you can dramatically improve your chances of gaining admission to a top MBA program in the coming years. Indeed, it is never too soon (and certainly not too late) to take several crucial steps to shape your candidacy. Join mbaMission founder Jeremy Shinewald as he leads prospective applicants through a Long-Term Planning Seminar. Topics of discussion include the following: * Creating Your Ten-Month (and Beyond) Timeline * Maximizing the Impact of Community Activities * Accelerating Personal Goals * Building an Alternative Transcript * Taking and Retaking the GMAT * Making the Most of Campus Visits * Understanding the Differences Between MBA Programs * More… Date: Thursday, January 20, 2011 Time: 6:30-8:00 p.m. EST Location: 140 Clarendon St, Main Floor Back Bay Boston, MA 02116 Price: Free! To register for this event, please click here. Share ThisTweet mbaMission Events

Drug Design And Biological Recognition Research Lab

It all came together last summer on a 5,724.8-mile bicycle ride from Texas to Alaska. I was among a group of students lucky enough to wear the Texas 4000 for Cancer jersey and devote a summer to pedaling for a cause. Like with many other premed students, signs that showed how interested I was in medicine were apparent since before I can remember, but everything from my summer trip validated further every desire I had to join the medical field as a doctor. At the age of ten I was confident I wanted to spend the rest of my life getting back at the disease that took my grandmother away – a decision that led me as a freshman in college to a drug design and biological recognition research lab. I joined the lab as a way to help others by studying infectious diseases, but I sought out a way to make a more personal and unique impact on others Texas 4000. The 70-day ride of spreading hope, knowledge, and charity took 18 months of physical and mental preparation, leadership development, volunteering around the community, fundraising for cancer research and support groups, and significantly less time for studying, but it certainly paid off. Although there were times when I wanted to give in to people’s doubts about me training for and completing summer ride, I pushed through every cramp in my shoulders, every cut on my legs, and every day of the cold Canadian rain I wish I could’ve skipped - biking was the only option, and it was what I had promised to do. I initially joined to honorShow MoreRelatedHuman Drug Screening For Memory856 Words   |  4 Pagesstudies, which will be in three well-established and well-accepted mouse models for memory storage. 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The Effects Of Divorce On Father Child Relationships

Running Head: How Childhood Circumstances How Childhood Circumstance Moderate the Long-Term Impact of Divorce on Father–Child Relationships Tasnim Mohamed Professor Bradley Introduction to Psychology https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.montclair.edu/sociology/docview/1697734090/F7CE8FB1FC824067PQ/2?accountid=12536 What were the researchers interested in? The researcher Matthijs Kalmijn, University of Amsterdam, was interested in how early divorce in a child s life could affect the relationship between a father and an adult child. He asked how frequent they saw their father and about what condition the relationship is at after the divorce. â€Å"The goal of this study was to compare children whose parents divorced†¦show more content†¦Children who were not living with both their biological parents when they were born, whose father had passed away, parents stopped living together before they left home for other reasons other than divorce, all were excluded from the data. Children who lived with their father after divorce were also excluded in the main analyses. Lastly the divorces that occurred in the past 0-9 years were taken out because he was interested in the long-term effects. Describe the characters of the participants. Where did their participants come from? The data was collected in the Netherlands. â€Å"...highly educated divorced fathers were better able to maintain high-quality relationships with their children than divorced fathers who had a lower level of education† (Kalmijn, 932) meaning the upper-middle class fathers have a better chance of a relationship with their child than the lower-class. The Netherlands divorce rate is similar to other Western European countries but lower than in the United States. In 1998, arrangements for after divorce agreements changed in the Netherlands, and ensured in more frequent visits of children to divorced fathers. 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Since I was extremely young, I cannot remember how it affected me. But once I got into grade school, I was in great knowledge that something was different. I then started to understand the affects my parents’ divorce had on me such as anger, resentment, feeling of loneliness, and prob-lems with communication. Now that I am a young adult, I still feel like I am being affected by those same problems except now I am able to control myself when I start to feel the symptoms. 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The Argument For Critical Thinking - 845 Words

1) When the Judge admonished the Jury, he told them they must reach a unanimous decision beyond a reasonable doubt. The hero of this movie appears to be Henry Fonda, the first juror to vote not guilty. He kept challenging the evidence by saying isn t it possible?...that the evidence was wrong. Do some critical thinking on this...using a good paragraph answer if isn t it possible? is the same thing as beyond a reasonable doubt. Start with a â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† and then eleaborate. No, â€Å"isnt it possible† and â€Å"beyond a reasonable† doubt are two different concepts, on different platforms of thought. Simply put, one is a question and one is a definitive statement. The statement, â€Å"isn’t it possible†is a question that begs for critical thinking and analysis of a situation; a question that seeks an answer, interpretation, and reflection. The stament â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt† is a closed statement. This statement commits to the idea that there could be no other logical explanation for the situation (conviction at hand). The movie 12 Angry Men is based on the premise of that very question â€Å"isn’t it possible.† The initial scenes and first half of the movie depict a group of men who are convinced â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt† that the boy is guilty of movie. The mindset of these men was made up based on evidence that proves to be questionable. Henry Fonda convinces the men, through repeated series of questioning, that the boy is innocent. An individual convinced â€Å"beyondShow MoreRelatedEssay on Critical Thinking/Reflection1393 Words   |  6 PagesAssessing both critical thinking and the reflection process in learning, these aspects are both intertwined. Without one, you cannot have the other. With the use of critical thinking and reflection this thought process allows us to analyse, assess, evaluate, learn and develop arguments. 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Definition of Visitor Attractions free essay sample

Then, the most relevant one Is presented and followed by Justification of the authors choice. The entire essay leads to reasoned conclusion of discussed topic. At the very beginning it has to be clarified that it is hard to find one simple and good definition of visitor attractions. Defining of this term might cause an argument between researchers around the world as management concepts and styles vary in particular areas. The literature of the subject covers as simple definition as Holloway (2006). The author seeks to presents mall purpose of existing violators attractions thou defining differentiation of the subject. However, an advantage of Holloway explanation is fact that it applies all around the world but might be used for management concepts only. Next definition, wrote by Pears (1991) is also short, however presents wider range of attraction. It might be said that this explanation slightly categorize defined subject. The author emphasizes attractions in prime of resources (natural, human made) and outlines who are the stakeholders. We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Visitor Attractions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is a general definition which might apply all around the world. It might be used for management concept. However, it includes some theoretical information which might also refer to management style. The following explanation provides another point of view. Swarthmore (2002:9) In his work differentiates destinations and attractions. The author presents attraction In the spectrum of size and resources, underling that It based on single product. Swarthmore on his definition excludes differentiation of the subject. He does not consider possible multiplicity of visitor attraction, which takes place in some sites. This is why this definition is not universal and can only apply to these particular hypes of attraction. The researches of this study brings the author to definition assumed by British Onto (Bloodstained 2004:8). TLS wide description Is used In purpose of collecting data for Information and statistics. ONTO characterizes violators attraction in terms of its purpose, products, stakeholders, management and revenues. However, the perspective of this definition is very specific and narrow. It excludes importance of shopping, periodic or non- permanent festivals and events while Olympic Games are seen as visitor attraction by many researchers. Moreover, tots of monuments and historic battlefields in Scotland do not charge an admission fee for sightseeing purposes (Lease, 2003).In Dalton, this definition excludes pre- this description is no longer valid due to out-of-date information. It looks like that this explanation should not be used internationally as well as domestically because it includes lot of disadvantages, does not apply to some features of visitor attraction and does not explain complexity of the topic. Although the definition is apparently inclusive, the author of this text would not consider it as helpful tool for understanding the visitor attraction concept. From all definition researched in this paper the most relevant and accurate is the one wrote by Walsh-Heron and Stevens (1990).Their results covers wider spectrum and describe terminology in terms of visitor attractions features. While defining, researchers focus on stakeholders, benefits and attractiveness for visitors, management, quality and revenue. The authors of this explanation include multiplicity of visitor attraction always showing two sides of the coin. Every feature is appropriately explained whereas presenting specific information about them. It looks eke Walsh-Heron and Stevens definition is universal, can be applied internationally and might be used for wide range of purposes. To summarize, all presented definitions have specific features. It can be said that they depend on the purpose of which definition has been created. Some of them are very general, some goes into more details. However those details not always apply all around the world. This is why it is important to cover complexity of the topic. Consequently, the scope of visitor attraction is very big, therefore it is very useful to consider techniques of categorizing them. This could lead to avoid weaknesses in beefing the term at the same time helps to create definition which would appropriately apply internationally.

Can democracy be spread by force

Introduction Typically, democracy is a system of governance in which people choose their preferred government and rulers. This can be exercised through voting in a free and fair mannerism.1Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Can democracy be spread by force? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is instantiated by rights like freedom of expression and freedom of speech amongst others. Therefore, at its core, democracy signifies a fair and justifiable power distribution in any kind of society. This paper discerns whether democracy can be spread by force. Concurrently, it argues against the possibility of attaining democracy through forceful strategies. It also provides relevant countries and global instances (as examples) to certify this claim. This is a critical provision when considered comprehensively in the realms of democracy and its relevant benefits. In a democratic society, an individual has more power of gover ning his or her life as it would be appropriate (self choice of expression). Considerably, there are four main elements of democracy.2 Besides a political system where people choose and replace their government through elections (which are free and fair), people also participate actively as citizens in their civic life and politics. In addition, the rule of law which applies equally to every citizen should be used to protect the fundamental human rights of each and every citizen. Even though democracy is much embraced in most countries of the western world, it has failed in some continents such as Africa, Middle East regions, and to some extent, south Asia. Tribalism, which has its deep roots in these counties, is the major reason for this failure.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considerably, some attempts to attain democracy through force have worked in some countries including Jap an and Germany after the World War II. Nonetheless, some forceful efforts have failed significantly. Actually, the majority of people from these countries would prefer voting for a candidate who is a member of their tribe, religion, or sect rather than someone else who is a not a member even if that individual have got better governance ideologies. This is very evident in countries such as Zimbabwe and Iraq. The United States of America is at the forefront in spreading democracy.3 But why should they seek to spread democracy? And can democracy be achieved by force? Evidently, forced democracy might destroy a society during its establishment. Consequently, the society should be rebuilt after achieving the concerned democracy as it happened in the developed nations such as the Japan and Germany amongst others. Democracy can be spread by force To some extent this statement is true. For instance, the United States of America has launched an international war on terror, which involves st rategies that embrace the regime change concepts. This creates new identities which are politically democratic and wins the hearts and minds of people. As an illustration, the involvement of the US in both Afghanistan and Iraq was premised on the view of eliminating terror and putting democracy in place. The United States has been successful in campaigning and spreading democracy through the use of military, politics, and psychology in almost each and every area that is involved around the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Can democracy be spread by force? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definitely, this close connection has implied that the extent of influence by the United States around the globe has been expanded. In fact, they have exploited every globalization device like television broadcasting and internet to compound the extent of its influence. These have been very effective in spreading democrati c propaganda in most regions of the globe that are governed by dictatorships. In addition, they have created changes in the political awareness in support to democratizing. At the end of the Second World War, US took an active role to deepen and widen democracy in western parts of Europe. The European integration was encouraged by the United States in establishing and stabilizing the democracy. NATO was the fortification within which West Germany, Spain, Portugal, and Italy became democratic. The integrated Europe and the twin NATO institutions jointly formed powerful incentives for developing democracies of the East European countries to link with the multilateral institutions of Western Europe at the end of the cold war.4 This shows how democracy spread in the western countries. However, it is important to note that war is characterized by the destruction of economy and ruining of the whole society. The society is rebuilt after the achievement of democracy as it happened in the de veloped nations such as the Japan and Germany amongst others as indicated earlier. There are certain problems that plague political efforts; typically, creating an arrangement that is able to safeguard people’s interests without persecution threats. Different nations around the globe have struggled with power balance by either using imperial or even more idealistic schemes to concentrate power for governing the world.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There has been lots of debate domestically on how much right the executive should have. The strong executive supporters believe that the best way of preserving peace is through uncontrolled ability to discourage or anticipate an attack. However, the antagonists of such kind of a scheme distress that it is likely to allow the executives to start war very easily and would be particularly unstoppable if many nations adopt it. This dilemma was tried to be resolved by the administration of George W. Bush by creating the democratic empire concept.5 America is regarded as inalienable military power that is able to enforce a peaceful order in any part of the troubled world. In this way, America continues to keep unchallengeable military strengths. Thus, it is not necessary to destabilize weapon competitions of other eras and also restricts the contentions to trade as well as other peace pursuant. Actually, most people around the globe are uncomfortable with the policy of the United States w hich welcomes power in the provision and commitment to freedom.6 Their policy stresses that freedom commitment can and must create a common cause to counter the enemies of freedom. This a clear indication that if such policies are not available to safeguard the rights and freedoms of individuals in the society -their democracy- then most of the nations will not allow their people to exercise these rights. It is very likely that the democratic institutions of governments will not be able to thwart the abuse of power used in promoting democracy and the application of military power will instill democracy in these nations. The demonstrations and protests that swept the Middle East in the beginning of the year 2011 is a further illustration that indeed democracy can be spread by force. These protests resulted to the removal of Tunisian president Ben Ali and shook Hosni Mubarak’s government of Egypt. In these countries, it is not only the world superpowers like the United States t hat gave a more vocal support to the people who demanded democracy on the Cairo streets but also the people stood firm in calling for change of leadership in their country. Eventually, the kind of leadership that was characterized by dictatorship and the oppression of the poor and the disadvantaged in the society had to cede power, sending a strong message to the rest of the world that if a leader clings to power through corruption and denial of democracy, at long last he or she will have to face the consequences. This is one way in which democracy has been spread around the globe. There is also a lot of argument as to whether the use of force or military action is justifiable in promoting democracy. In some cases, the action of military may not only be essential in facilitating and restoring democracy but also in ending certain cruel kind of dictatorship. For instance, in Rwanda genocide of 1994 is a typical example. The military involvement was very justifiable to put an end to ge nocide and restore peace in Rwanda. Nonetheless, military intervention should be considered as a last resort since a lot of destruction of the society as well as economic degradation is associated with such forceful democracy. While considering other viable theories, democracy is a major contributor to fundamental human values and should be encouraged all over the world. It promotes values such as the rights of workers, freedom of speech and movement. It also establishes an environment that is secure and stable for citizens of a country. In addition to this, democracy is a value that ensures interests of all citizens and the country are taken care of and their rights are secured.7 Governments that promote democracy are the ones that enhance peace, avoid violence and wars, encourage development, and advocate for the rights of all humans. Democracy should be promoted in the modern world to assist in the achievement of stability and growth for humanity. Its development should also be p romoted to enable countries that are newly formed to adopt democratic principles. Countries that have not implemented principles of democracy should be denounced and encouraged to adopt them. Many countries in the world have adopted democracy and continue to promote human rights. There are others still in the process of implementing strategies that will ensure democracy.8 The growth of democracy has taken a long time and there are various methods that have been used to spread it. There have also been various barriers to the spread of the value and commercial barriers are among them. Some of the methods that have been used to spread democracy are through use of religion and education. However, there is the question of the effectiveness of coercion in spreading democracy. There are people who believe that force can be used in spreading democracy while others believe that it is not an effective method. The question to use force or not in spreading democracy can be answered using theori es of international relations. This section of paper will attempt to answer the question using realism and liberal theories. With respect to democracy, realism focuses on the motives leading to proper security, control and capital (Gilbert 58). On the other hand, liberalism proposes that the difference that exists between countries regarding principles of democracy is the main causes of wars. Realism first focuses on the main causes of wars. The theory also believes that the international structure and systems has an important role in international relations. The proponents of this theory further believe that the absence of authority from a central point leads to dilemma on matters of security. This therefore means that attempts by one country to seek security assurance are likely to make its adversaries feel insecure. These adversaries can them arm up and use other forms of interactions that are hostile by nature. The relative capabilities of countries thus play an important role i n international relations. Concurrently, the central authority plays important roles in the international relations and gives a reason for countries to relate in the international system.9 Groups based in various parts of the world are also important in international relations (according to the realists). Additionally, the behavior of the states is considered to be rational according to this theory. The reason for this belief among realists is that states use logic when making decisions and act in the interest of the nation. They do this so as to survive, be secure, be powerful and gain capital. The motives of the nation usually make analysts to manipulate how policy makers think and this has the effect of policy makers making laws that are in the interest of the nation.10 The realists also note that states respond to external factors. Thus, their actions are guided by what happens internationally. These can be used to explain how democracy can be spread using force. For example, Ir aq was a country led by a dictator. There were also extremists in Iraq and the rights of the citizen were not guaranteed. The United States, on the other hand, is a country that values democracy and protection of the rights of individuals. United States thus attempted to promote these values in Iraq forcefully. However, according to realists, there are other interests that the United States had apart from the promotion of democracy in Iraq. United States wanted to ensure that it is secure and its citizens are safe. The United States also wanted to avoid Iraq’s quest to develop weapons of mass destruction. If Iraq developed these weapons, then it would be a threat to United States and countries that are allied to it. In addition to these interests of the United States, the need to develop military bases in the Middle East was another reason for going to Iraq. The United States wanted to develop military bases in Iran and Syria so as to help Israel, which is an ally of Unites S tates. Another reason was the need to secure the supply of oil for the United States and the need to reduce complications that could result from energy shortage. This is a critical provision when scrutinized comprehensively. Finally, United States hardly ratified inspections UN executed in Iraq to determine whether there were weapons of mass destruction. These, according to realism theory of international relations, guided the policy decisions of the United States. It means that the United States checked the benefits that could result from invading Iraq and the costs of the invasion. It then made decision based on the findings with respect to democracy. Additionally, the United States was a central point of authority. It had the military might and is a super power.11 The foreign policies of the United States are also war preventive against countries considered to be rogue. The military might of United States also played an important part. According to the theory, the military streng th of a country is important. It determines how the country establishes, ratifies, and protects its foreign policies.12 Thus, US ensured that its military might was unmatched and if Iraq was developing weapons of mass destruction, then it had to be dealt with. These informed one of the policies of Bush administration and this was to remove the Baathist regime in Iraq. It did not, however, attack other countries such as North Korea or Libya or Iran. This is because of the interests that it had. In the attack, democracy was to be achieved by force in Iraq. In other words, the foreign policy of the United States is democratic in nature. On the other hand, according to liberalism, decisions to ratify force (to initiate democracy) are made based on differences that exist between countries that are democratic and countries that are non-democratic. Thus it is the ideologies that exist in a country, the beliefs and the views to the world operations are the guiding factors on whether to go t o war or not. This is different from the realists who see financial, political and bureaucratic motives of the elites as the reasons for going to war. Liberalism theory believes that the spread of democratic principles can lead to peace in the whole world. They argue that countries that uphold democratic principles are usually peaceful compared to countries that are ruled by authoritarian regimes. In addition to this, the liberals argue that economic interdependence among countries can promote peace too. This is because countries that are cooperating or depending on each other economically cannot go to war against each other because this would destroy both economically.13 According to liberals, states are the main actors in international matters and relations and not any other organization such as international corporations. According to liberals, the United States fear that Iraq could attack it and its allies because the ruler in Iraq was a dictator is one reason it attacked Iraq f irst. Secondly, it attacked Iraq because US’s security, security of other nations, and the rights of the Iraqis could only be derived through democracy. This means that the security for the whole world can be achieved when democracy is spread in the whole world. Security for the world can also be attained through trade and regulation of conflicts by international organizations. The liberals thus propose that force can be used to remove dictators from power and this will enable enhancement of freedom and thus democracy. In Iraq, this is what happened according to many people. A dictator, Saddam Hussein, was removed from power and the Iraqis gained democracy. Democracy cannot be achieved by force Even though most nations (especially in the western world) have been able to achieve forceful democracy, there are some regions where forced democracy has failed. Currently Americans have different opinions about the idea of promoting democracy.14 Even though most people believe that t he aim of the US foreign policy should be focused on endorsing democracy, there is unwillingness to make its promotion a key theme in their foreign policy as well as an opposition to the use of military force or threats to achieve democracy. Concurrently, the Americans believe they have a moral obligation of promoting democracy.15 There is a considerable support for cooperative approaches to promote democracy and involving the United Nations. There are people who would prefer to promote democracy in more friendly dictatorial countries regardless of whether it may result into unfriendly governments. Most people approve putting public and diplomatic pressure to respect the fundamental human rights. In 2005, the Americans resisted the recommendation of George w. Bush to make democracy promotion as the Central American policy. Evidently, Iraq and Iran have indicated unsuccessful instances where force was applied to establish democracy. Despite the US’s efforts to restore democrac y in the region, some instances of impartiality can be noticed within the region. The main purpose of democracy is creating reason and order in the society. However, when forced it could result into even more chaos, like in Israel and Palestine. Here the Israelites were given land (by the US), which the Palestinians claimed to be theirs. Consequently, there has been a constant war between the two countries. There are other countries which cannot keep democracy whether forceful or peaceful. Russia is a typical example where capital revolution rather than democracy has taken its deeper roots.16 In the majority of the undeveloped countries, democracy is difficult to sustain. In most cases, in smaller countries with already established set of cultures or government, when democracy is forced upon them it is more likely to backfire. In this case democracy will lead to tyranny17. Democracy has failed in America, majorly, because the government gets involved too much in the activities of bu sinesses like Microsoft. It imposes lots or restrictions which limit what can be done by the company thus hindering the value of democracy within these businesses. Even if democracy is forced on some countries, leaders still manipulate their way into dictatorship with impunity. Ngo Diem from the republic of Vietnam was a leader who never liked the public elections idea. When he was forced to establish and agree to the democracy of holding public elections, he organized it in a way that favored his victory. In this case, he sent soldiers in plainclothes into the districts of his opponents to make sure that he wins. This shows that democracy was still not yet exercised. The concerned election was not a free and fair. Precisely, the democratic society idea has changed and evolved over the past years to fit the country and its citizens. Even if not everybody is willing to accept a democratic government easily, there should be willingness of all parties involved. Democracy has succeeded in some countries simply because people have decided to exercise democracy rather than using force to impose it. Conclusion In conclusion, using force in spreading democracy is often necessary in most cases; however, it is not a vital success element. Democracy is changing regularly, not just for the citizens but also for the period it takes place. As evident earlier, democracy can be achieved through force in some cases; nonetheless, force never gives positive results in other instances. This is a critical provision when considered critically in the context of democracy and its promotional events. Every government should embrace democracy to give its citizens their necessary freedoms and rights. Bibliography Aron, R, Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations, Transactions Publishers, New Brunswick, 2003. Art, RJ K, Waltz. The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics, Rowman Littlefield, Lanham, 2003.. Barkawi, T M Laffey. Democracy, Liberalism, and War: R ethinking the Democratic Peace Debate, Lynne Rienner Publ, Boulder, 2001. Benjamin, P, The Foreign Policy Disconnect: What Americans Want from Our Leaders but Don’t Get, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2006. Botscher, J, Neorealist Assessment of India’s Look East Policy, Grin Verlag, London, 2011. Bulliet, R, The Earth and Its People: A Global History, Cengage Wadsworth, Boston, 2011. Bundu, A, Democracy by Force?: (a Study of International Military Intervention in the Civil War in Sierra Leone from 1991-2000, Universal Publication, Parkland, 2001. Carter, A, Direct Action and Democracy Today, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2004. D’Anieri, PJ, International Politics: Power and Purpose in Global Affairs, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Boston, 2012. Fortmann, MT JJ, Wirtz, Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2004. Gilbert, A, Must Global Politics Constrain Democracy?: Great-power Realism, Democratic Peace, and D emocratic Internationalism, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1999. Hobson, J, Imperialism: A Study, Cosimo, New York, 2005. Lambert, A, Democratic Civilian Control of Armed Forces in the Post-Cold War Era, LIT, Münster, 2008. Rousseau, DL, Identifying Threats and Threatening Identities: The Social Construction of Realism and Liberalism, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2006. Traub, J, The Freedom Agenda: Why America Must Spread Democracy (just Not the Way George Bush Did), Straus and Giroux, New York, 2009. Varas, A, Democracy Under Siege, Greenwood, Westport, 1989. Footnotes 1 A Bundu, Democracy by Force?: (a Study of International Military Intervention in the Civil War in Sierra Leone from 1991-2000, Universal Publication, Parkland, 2001, p. 65. 2 T Barkawi M Laffey. Democracy, Liberalism, and War: Rethinking the Democratic Peace Debate, Lynne Rienner Publ, Boulder, 2001, p. 73. 3 P Benjamin, The Foreign Policy Disconnect: What Americans Want from Our Leaders but Donâ₠¬â„¢t Get, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2006, p. 23. 4 A Veras, Democracy Under Siege, Greenwood, Westport, 1989, p. 45. 5 PJ D’Anieri, International Politics: Power and Purpose in Global Affairs, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Boston, 2012, p. 86. 6 J Botscher, Neorealist Assessment of India’s Look East Policy, Grin Verlag, London, 2011, p. 36. 7 R Bulliet, The Earth and Its People: A Global History, Cengage Wadsworth, Boston, 2011, p. 67. 8 R Art K Waltz, The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics, Rowman Littlefield, Lanham, 2003, p. 25. 9 J Traub,The Freedom Agenda: Why America Must Spread Democracy (just Not the Way George Bush Did), Straus and Giroux, New York, 2009, p. 50. 10 A Gilbert, Must Global Politics Constrain Democracy?: Great-power Realism, Democratic Peace, and Democratic Internationalism, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1999, p. 97. 11 MT Fortmann JJ Wirtz, Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century, Stanford Univ ersity Press, Stanford, 2004, p. 64. 12 A Carter, Direct Action and Democracy Today, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2004, p. 60. 13 A Gilbert, Must Global Politics Constrain Democracy?: Great-power Realism, Democratic Peace, and Democratic Internationalism, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1999. 14 DL Rousseau, Identifying Threats and Threatening Identities: The Social Construction of Realism and Liberalism, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2006. 15 A Lambert, Democratic Civilian Control of Armed Forces in the Post-Cold War Era, LIT, Münster, 2008, P. 467. 16 J Hobson, Imperialism: A Study, Cosimo, New York, 2005. 17 R Aron, Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations, Transactions Publishers, New Brunswick, 2003, p. 25. This essay on Can democracy be spread by force? was written and submitted by user Julianne Kirk to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Apartheid Era Blacks Act No 67 of 1952

Apartheid Era Blacks Act No 67 of 1952 Definition: The Blacks (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act No 67 of 1952 (commenced 11 July) repealed early laws, which differed from province to province, relating to the carrying of passes by Black male workers (e.g. the Native Labour Regulation Act of 1911) and instead required all black persons over the age of 16 in all provinces to carry a reference book at all times. They were required by law to produce the book when requested by any member of the police or by an administrative official. The pass included a photograph, carried details of place of origin, employment record, tax payments, and encounters with the police. A special court system was devised to enforce the pass law – people appearing at such commissioners courts were considered guilty until they had proven their innocence. During the 60s, 70s and 80s around 500,000 Blacks were arrested each year, their cases tried (mainly uncontested), and in the 60s fined or sentenced to a short prison term. From the early 70s the convicted were deported to Bantustans instead (under the Admission of Persons to the Republic regulation Act No 59 of 1972). By the mid 80s, by which time almost 20 million people had been arrested (and tried, fined, imprisoned, or deported), the pass law had become increasingly difficult to enforce and it was abandoned. Repealed by the Identification Act No 72 of 1986. Also Known As: Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act No 67 of 1952

Examination of the Relationship between HRM Practices and Retention of Thesis

Examination of the Relationship between HRM Practices and Retention of Skilled Workers - Thesis Example among many empirical studies is the discovery of how HRM practices actually result in improved firm performance, although firm performance is construed in different ways. Some pertain to enhancement of specific employee skills. For Prieto and Santana (2012), the specific skill they sought to confirm was ambidexterity – i.e., the ability to simultaneously explore new knowledge domains while exploiting current ones. A field study of 198 Spanish companies was conducted, focusing on three categories of high-involvement human resource practices: ability-enhancing, motivation-enhancing and opportunity-enhancing HR practices. Factor loading and regression analysis were conducted on the HR practices and three other variables – social climate (as the mediating factor), ambidexterity, and firm performance. Findings from the study showed that HR practices contribute to establishing social climates which, in turn enhance ambidextrous learning and ultimately firm performance. One ob servation that may be made on this study is that the effect of HR practices on ambidexterity is not directly causal, but indirect. It is likely that the social climates created by HR practices also enhance a number of other skills likewise favourable to firm performance. HR practices are therefore contributory, but not determinative, of the likelihood of skills development, including ambidexterity. HR practices are also seen to impact on firm performance relative to the ownership structure of the firm. Castrogiovanni and Kidwell (2010) examined the effects of HR practices on employee or franchisee managers and the resultant performance of their business units. A business unit that operates as a franchise imposes a different set of constraints upon management than that of a business unit integral to the parent corporation. Franchising has variably been described as a geographic expansion strategy, a type of vertical integration, an organisational form, or an approach to conducting business,

Total Environments, Health, and Safety Management Research Paper

Total Environments, Health, and Safety Management - Research Paper Example Employees who are working on the construction site are subjected to a constant change in their nature of work, mix of workers and location of work. In view of most of the people, construction industry has most risky working environment as compared to other industries (Broadbent, 2004). In case of construction industry, the concept of safety culture is relatively a naà ¯ve concept. However, in recent past this concept has gained popularity due to its unique ability of accepting all the psychological, behavioural, perceptional and managerial factors. Multitasking and paying attention to more than one tasks (professional or non professional) at a time result in accidents. While employees are performing their duties without wearing their protective equipments or just talking on their cell phone, they place themselves at risk just only to make themselves comfortable or to save time. In short, in construction industry most of the accidents occur not due to the lack of skill, training and knowledge but are related to relatively poor decision making skills (Cooper and Phillips, 2004). Management, starting from the individuals, who are occupying the highest position in hierarchical order, all the way through the low level management (leaders, superintendents, supervisors etc.), and all the way down to the people working in production area must engage themselves in the combine efforts to systematically reduce or eradicate the chances of being exposed to any of the hazardous condition or situation. An effective and successful safety culture has following elements: By developing and managing the process of safety in a more effective manner, any organization can reduce the chances of injuries, increase the awareness among workers about safety, can increase overall productivity and also raise the morale of the workers. In order to check compliance, the

Purpose of Art Essay Example for Free

Purpose of Art Essay The quote â€Å"Anyone who says you can’t see a thought simply doesn’t know art† by Wynetka Ann Reynolds. Reynolds is saying in this quote that you need some thinking or imaginations to see or do art. I think, If someone can’t see and figure that out, how can he draw or write music ? . In this quote Reynolds is saying that the purpose of art is thinking, like an imagination, imagination is the true inspiration of art. Without imagination we can’t have art. Also without imagination other items like philosophy itself cannot exist. The Art needs imagination or thinking. Art Should need imagination, for example, young children draws something unexpected, interesting even surprising for old peoples point of view, because they have lot of imaginations. Like they draws about speaking birds, talking dogs, those imaginations will give them more inspiration which eventually led them to be creative. A photographer must imagine what the end result will look like before snap the picture. Writer must imagine what his reader will see or comprehend when they have finished reading the article. Musician, whether creating a musical piece or plying an existing piece, must imagine what the music looks and sound like, and what those who hear it will hear, see and feel. Any form of art MUST involve imagination. Imagination is used in all aspects of life. Every inventor, artist, doctor, architect, â€Å"all people† use imagination. You have to be a creative thinker to produce anything. Which did not exist before It takes vision, imagination and intelligence to implement a new concept. The Artists should use imagination to talk or express their thought. Without imagination art itself cannot exist, it just will be one of copying thing without creativity.

The Electric Bass Essay -- Music

The creation of the electric bass, or an electric guitar envisioned double bass, has revolutionized the way music is both written and performed and will continue to be a driving force behind virtually every genre of music. Even though the electric bass* can be seen as a necessary creation in order to match the ever-increasing volume of live music, especially rock, it can also be viewed as a breath of fresh air and new outlook on acoustic instruments. The electric bass has both physically and functionally had an interesting development since its birth, but one thing for certain is that even trailing behind the electric guitar at first, this instrument has stepped away and cemented its place into music. Electric basses share some of the basic physical aspects of their acoustic brethren, the upright double bass, but also have their own defining characteristics that make the electric bass what it is. Generally speaking, an electric bass is composed of three major parts on which it is further subdivided: â€Å"You can divide the bass into three sections: The neck, the body, and the innards. The different parts of the neck and the body are easy to see, while the innards aren’t so obvious† (Pfeiffer, Patrick). Looking to the neck, one can see that there is actually at least four other important parts, those being: the headstock, tuning machines, nut, and fretboard. Their functions, respectively, are: to provide a spot to which the tuning machines can reside; tunes the strings up or down to achieve a particular pitch; keeps the strings held off of the fretboard and spaced evenly; the place in which you fret notes to be played. The body of the bass is where most of the reso nation will come from and the tonewood will dictate the overall char... ...layer and teacher based in Seattle, Washington† who set up the company Audiovox and produced the Model 736 Bass Fiddle around 1936. Its design consisted of â€Å"†¦a roughly guitar-shape walnut body, a single pickup and control knob on a pearloid pickguard, a neck with 16 frets, and a cord emerging from a jack on the upper side of the body† (Bacon 8-9). Tutmarc was the first to get almost everything right in designing an electric bass, but did not meet with good commercial sales. Then, in 1951 Leo Fender would set the standard for electric basses by introducing his Precision Bass to the world. Works Cited Bacon, Tony, and Barry Moorhouse. The Bass Book. New York: Backbeat, 1995. Print. Jeans, Sir James. Science & Music. Cambridge: University Press, 1953. Print. Pfeiffer, Patrick. Bass Guitar for Dummies. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing Inc, 2003. Print.

Compensation for Wrongful Conviction

Wrongful conviction has been something that has always occurred in the court systems. For many years, prior to DNA testing, there was no way to avoid this for some people. This issue has really been one that has attracted a lot of attention. There have even been songs written about the subject such as Bob Dylan’s â€Å"Hurricane. † Wikipedia (2009, pp 1-2) refers to this situation as the â€Å"miscarriage of justice. † In the definition it states that it is the conviction and punishment of a person for a crime which was not committed by the person. It can also mean that the conviction was sentenced in a trial that was found to be unfair or a trial which had been disputed. Although wrongful convictions still do occur there are a lot of resources that are put into place so that this does not happen any more. These things have been added in order to assist the overall justice system in being able to modify issues and in being able to utilize the best and most solid convictions in order to alleviate the issues that have occurred in the past with wrongful convictions. Some have even believed that there is something that is essentially wrong with the process of the current justice system (Westervelt and Humphrey 2001 Chapter 1). There are many different theories as to why wrongful conviction has become so prevalent in the modern day society when with the advancement of technology one could argue that wrongful convictions should lessen. A lot of these issues have to do with the attitudes towards crimes and the overall attitudes of law enforcement as well as the public perception of violent criminals. The issues are that there are a lot of violent crimes that occur in society. When law enforcement is unable to find a conviction the public outcry is heard and there are a lot of problems with respect for law enforcement and the overall feeling of safety of those who are living in the society. There is then an outcry for someone to pay for the crimes that have been committed. These are especially heard when the crimes have to do with rape or murder as these violent crimes are thought to be worse than some other crimes. Law enforcement’s answer is find someone to blame the crime on in order to be able to modify how they are looked at by those in society who matter, the general public. Sadly in today’s society it is often not whether or not the right person is behind bars that give reassurance but rather it is whether or not someone is paying for the crime which has been committed. The public should be aware that the outcries and over-involvement in the catching of violent criminals has lead to the wrongful conviction of many people and that therefore it will continue to lead to wrongful conviction until there is a public outcry for justice and the involvement to find the right criminal for the crime. There are many different situations in which wrongful conviction could apply. One such situation would be where someone is not charged however they are still arrested and detained for a crime which they did not commit. Also there are the problems with someone who has charges dropped prior to trial after being detained and charged for a crime which was not committed by the person. A third way that someone could be wrongly convicted is if he/she is denied bail but then they are tried and aquitted. Some other reasons behind wrongful convictions are those who are able to have a conviction overturned on appeal but yet they have still been convicted. Another one is that the person could have been sentenced after being convicted of another crime prior to when the appeal for which they were originally arrested was heard. Finally the last reason for wrongful conviction is that there is the person who has been able to be pardoned from a crime which they are found ot be convicted of or they are able to have the conviction overturned in an appeal after having served time from the initial conviction (Hoel 2008, pp 1). The issues of wrongful conviction do not just cause problems for those who have been wrongly convicted but also for those who are working in the justice system. Judge Learned Hand once stated that he felt that he was in some sense followed by the fear that he had sentenced or convicted someone of a crime for which they did not commit. This judge recognizes that at times things are not done right and he too agonizes over the thought that he will condemn someone to an unfair fate for a crime that he/she did not commit. The criminal justice system does take precautions and they do attempt to not have these types of problems however at times they seem almost unavoidable. In the book, Presumed Guilty: When Innocent People are Wrongly Convicted the author talks about the issues with the criminal justice system and their struggle between trying to uphold the law and trying to be as unbiased and fair as possible in not handing down wrongful convictions (Yant 1991, Chapter 1). There are many causes for wrongful conviction. Some of these causes are not as bad as they have been in the past as our culture has developed and become more open minded, however they have been prevalent in the past. The main reasons for wrongful conviction have been fraudulent results or evidence, errors in eye witness testimony, and discrimination whether racial or against those who have disabilities. It has been described that the unfortunate common scene of the wrongful conviction has been that the defendant is sentenced and that around ten years later or more he/she is proven innocent by DNA evidence. Later the victim will continue to maintain that the defendant was guilty and that their eye witness testimony was not wrong. In the end, this scenario continues to hurt the wrongly accused as he/she will continue to face discrimination as those feel that there is still a problem with them and that they are still guilty. These innocent defendants not only have to live with the sacrifices of spending time imprisoned but also they have to face continued discrimination from those who feel that they are guilty, therefore some form of compensation should be allowed to those who have been wrongfully convicted in any criminal justice system (Westervelt and Humphrey 2001, Chapter 1). Overall what can be taken is that there is a connection between the beliefs of harsh forms of punishment and the death penalty and the ethical possibility that one could be wrongly convicted and deserve to be free. Some other causes of wrongful conviction were discussed in Paul Craig Roberts’ article The Causes of Wrongful Conviction. This author tries to make a connection between the strong opinions for issues like the death penalty and issues with wrongful conviction. His remedy is to work harder at ensuring that there are not problems with wrongful conviction and therefore that there is less of a need to argue and fight over the issues of the death penalty. This author believes that there is a huge injustice in the wrongful conviction and that in the end it is this and not the penalty. This is meaning that the issue of wrongful conviction first needs to be dealt with prior to the other issues with crime and punishments of these crimes. Some of the problems with wrongful conviction can be traced back to the New Deal in that the government during the New Deal put the power for carrying out the law and setting up the law in the same government body and in the hands of the same agency which is one contributing factor to these problems. Some other areas where the laws have gotten out of hand are the laws that are pertaining to the freezing of assets. These laws were originally intended to be used against those who were associated with the mob however they were expanded and it has been common for them to be applied to innocent property owners on a regular basis (Roberts 2003, pp 567-570). For some things, like fingerprinting, it is often thought that there can not be mistakes and that they can not lead to wrongful conviction however at times this could be wrong. The problems that can occur with fingerprinting leading to a wrongful conviction are very rare and for a long time were thought to be non-existent. In 2004, Stephen Cowans was found innocent from his crime by DNA evidence and it was the evidence of fingerprinting that had led to his conviction in the first place. In this case it was the mislabeling of a card with his fingerprints that led to his arrest and conviction. When ran through various tests and attempts through research on this topic it was not uncommon to have a few mistakes. The problem with this is that there were only false positives in this area (Cole 206, pp 39-50). At this time there are few resources available for those who have been wrongly convicted. There has been a lot of commentary for hundreds of years about how wrong it is for someone who is innocent to be convicted for a crime which he/she did not commit. This can be evidenced through quotations like those from Voltaire in 1774, stating â€Å"It is better to risk saving a guilty person than to condemn and innocent one,† or Sir William Blackstone, who stated â€Å"It is better that ten guilty persons escape than one innocent suffer. Yet, even with all of this information and the strong political views that have been prevalent for hundreds of years there still seems to be a problem with the justice system and one in which innocent people are convicted as guilty on a regular basis. During the 1980’s and 1990’s it became prevalent in American society that attention was drawn to cases where those who were innocent were â€Å"severely punished. † Take for instanc e the case of Isidore Zimmerman who had been wrongly convicted and served twenty four years for a crime which he did not commit. This man chose to fight for compensation and it took yet another twenty years of him fighting in order to be awarded $1 million in compensation for the damages that being wrongly imprisoned for twenty four years had caused. Sadly, this man died just four months after winning his fight. One of the largest problems with these types of cases is the fact that the victims (those who have been wrongly imprisoned) do not have a set standard of compensation which should be available to them as their lives have truly been ruined by some type of mistake in our justice system (Huff, Rattner, and Sagarin 1996, Chapter 1). The tragedy here is that this man had to fight his whole life, fight for his rights and to not be sentenced for a crime which he did not commit, fight to get out of jail and then fight for the right to compensation after his life was ruined by a wrong conviction. The people who have been wrongly convicted for various reasons have a voice and deserve to be heard on this topic and it is something that greatly affected them and continues to affect them on a daily basis. Take for instance the case of Kenny Adams who was wrongly convicted based on the fact that he had been wrongly identified. This man was bitter and angry at what he felt was a failed justice system and he was thought to be uncooperative by authorities and those who were in charge of sentencing him as he had maintained his innocence and refused to take any plea bargains which could have greatly reduced the time that he spent in jail. This man was innocent and later proven innocent by DNA evidence however he spent some of the best years of his life wasting away in one of the worst prisons in our country. He spent his time in a prison that was known for breaking down the hardest criminals and all the while he maintained his innocence and pushed through to finding a way to prove that he had been innocent. One of the main reasons that he was convicted was based on the fact that he was an African American male and there was eyewitness testimony that put three African American males and one Mexican male in the area where a young couple was raped and murdered. Maybe perhaps these were the crimes that Dr Martin Luther King Jr. as talking about in the summer of 1963 when he stated that one of his dreams was that his children could live in a country where they would not be judged by the color of their skin but rather by who they were as a person (Ciolino 2005, Chapter 1). It is still hard to imagine that there continues to be discrimination based on someone’s race in a world that is so integrated as the world today. Another case of wrongful conviction based on discrimination is that of Marion Coakley. This man was severely mentally retarded and had been convicted of rape. He was unable to cooperate or thrive in the prison setting as he was unable to understand the expectations and why the expectations were expected of him. Therefore he was in trouble a lot and was put into isolation cells and other various forms of punishment for his inability to cooperate. He had a lot of problems with basic comprehension and understanding. Marion also had a lot of built up anger in being convicted of a crime which he did not commit. He was frequently moved between various prisons and within a twenty four month period he had been moved a total of eight times. He talked often about how he felt â€Å"railroaded† into prison as he did not understand how he could be punished for a crime which he did not commit (Scheck, Neufield, and Dwyer 2001, Chapter 1). In this case it was an example of how one can be discriminated against based on a disability affecting his/her cognitive functioning. Another man who was wrongly convicted was Gary Dotson. Gary Dotson was wrongly convicted after he had been identified as a rapist by his victim. This man maintained his innocence and six years later the supposed victim recanted her testimony stating that she had falsified it all in an attempt to ward off problems with her foster parents if she was pregnant from having consensual sex with her boyfriend at the time. She claimed to be recanting to clear her conscious. The only problem was that after Dotson was released he was re-imprisoned when the judge chose to believe that the woman’s recanted statement was the true lie. Later after a national outcry the governor of IL released him still maintaining that he was guilty but saying that he had enough time served for his crime. Later it was proven through DNA evidence that he was wrongfully accused and convicted, however this was after having not only served time in prison once but twice and having to live outside of prison with the conviction on his record (Huff, Rattner and Sagarin 1996, Chapter 1). There is no current remedy available to assist victims of this tragedy. These victims are those who have been wrongly convicted of a crime, forced to serve time and later exonerated of that said crime but still having to live with all of the stigma and discriminations as if they were the criminal that they had been convicted of being. There are many different types of wrongful conviction however typically only those which are the most severe, the cases of murder or rape are brought to public attention. This type of wrongful conviction does not only deal with a specific type of crime however but there are wrongful convictions in all types of crimes. Some of the problems with there being no compensation for the victims have to do with the after effects of wrongful conviction and how this type of thing really affects the person’s life. There can be all types of issues with wrongful imprisonment and these include issues with finding employment, finding housing, interpersonal relationships and having the respect of other people. Those who have been wrongly convicted have problems with being able to find suitable employment as many employers discriminate against them. Not only do the wrongly convicted have a hard time with finding employment but they also have difficulty in finding housing. Another area where there is strong discrimination is in housing. For those who have been wrongly convicted it can be very difficult to find good housing as there are a lot of places that will not rent to those who have had convictions and even if a conviction has been overturned if it were a conviction for rape or murder there is a chance that the once accused might not be able to find housing based on this information. These victims also have a loss in their interpersonal relationships as this type of conviction can ruin a marriage and a family and at times the victim might not even be allowed to see his/her children even after the wrongful conviction is overturned. Although there are many more areas in which a person would be deserving of compensation for a wrongful conviction one of the main other reasons is that there is a loss of overall respect from others towards this person. This happens when the person does not get the respect that he/she deserves from people based on the fact that there are past convictions and therefore people discriminate against him/her (Huff, Rattner, and Sagarin 1996, Chapter 1). Part B. Wrongful convictions and the compensation thereof are all different based on what part of the world the formerly accused is living in. There are differences that are major between Australia, U. S. A. , New Zeland, and England. Each of these areas has a separate current trend in the compensation of those who have been wrongly convicted, however there are many other issues that are necessary to be dealt with as well with each country and simple solutions for each to find a way to compensate those who have served time for a crime which they did not commit. The overall goal of each country should be that there are a national standard and a set of regulations to determine the amount of help and the type of compensation that should be given to the wrongly convicted. There should be standards for this type of compensation and certain things should be taken into consideration as well. In Australia there has been a lot of research on the subject of wrongful convictions and the compensation for those who have had a wrongful conviction in the past. Some of the laws in the country are made to protect those who are wrongly convicted. In the country’s codes and amendments it is stated that there can be compensation given through victim’s rights and advocacy and therefore there might not be a need for a court hearing or legal follow up in order to ensure that the wrongly convicted are given the compensation on their own. In Australia there is right to compensation for these issues. The basic meaning of this is that there is a payment made without the legal repercussions or legal fight that would be required in other countries (Hoel 2008 pp 2-4). In the ACT (Australian Capitol Territory) there are specific codes that are used in this area. Those who are wrongly convicted have a right to seek compensation if one of the following is committed. These include that the victim have â€Å"been convicted of a criminal offense by a final decision of a court, suffered punishment because of the conviction, and had the conviction reversed (or been pardoned) on the ground that a new or newly discovered fact shows conclusively that there has been a miscarriage of justice. † The law does not have a set standard of compensation (Hoel 2008, pp 2-3). Since there are no regulatory standards in Australia at this time it is being questioned as to whether or not the government should set in place a set of standards for the wrongly convicted. In her article, Does Australia Need a Specific Institution to Correct Wrongful Convictions by Lynne Weathered there was a lot of information encouraging Australian government to take a stand and work towards an appropriate form of compensation for those who are wrongly convicted in the country. This article compares the systems and regulations in place in Australia with other countries (Weathered 2007, pp 179-186). Not only has the country of Australia been working on creating a system in place for those who are wrongly convicted but also the United States of America has been working on these issues as well in regards to how they affect the country. In the United States of America there are a lot of different factors that are been looked at in the idea of compensation for those who are wrongly convicted. Some states are working harder than others in the fight for restoring rights to those who have been wrongly convicted. One of these states is Illinois. In this state the state legislative bodies just passed a law where there is no requirement for a wait or a court trial for a pardon in wrongful conviction cases. This means that these victims are instantly pardoned from these issues and that there is an encouragement for these victims that were not there before. This new law allows for those who are wrongly convicted to be able to apply for their certificates of innocence at a circuit clerk’s office anywhere in the state rather than having to go before the governor and go through a governmental pardon trial. This was a celebrated victory for those in the United States and it gave a good format for other states and other countries in something simple that could be done for those who are wrongly convicted to be compensated in some way instantly without having to wait (Ahmed 2008, pp 1-2). Not only has Illinois made strides in working towards compensation for the wrongly convicted but so has the state of Mississippi. Another state that has really stepped up to the plate in ensuring victim’s rights when wrongly convicted has been Mississippi. In Mississippi it was passed into law that someone who was wrongly convicted and spent time in prison deserved $50,000 per year served for a total of up to $500,000. This bill was passed and justified as there were a lot of issues with the victims not being able to put their lives back together and with them having a difficult time learning how to live back in the free world again after being imprisoned and having to deal with the issues of their imprisonment (Newsome 2009, pp 1). There have been many articles and papers written on the topic of compensation for wrongful conviction in the United States however it is apparent that there needs to be more follow up incentives and better standards for the nation as a whole as a lot of the strides are on a state level rather than a national level. In her article Louise Radnofsky discusses all of the problems with there not being a unified decision among the states in the USA with the subject of wrongful conviction. She looked at cases where there was not unified decision and where the victims of the issue of being wrongfully convicted were not given any type of pardon or any help to overcome said issues. The overall standard was that these victims were not able to get any compensation unless they lived in one of the states where the compensation is available. In the end the USA should take control of this situation and there should be some type of compensation for those who have been wrongly imprisoned (2007, pp 1-3). Overall it could be argued that the United States is working on a separate state by state level to deal with the issues of wrongful conviction and compensation for the victims. There is still a long way that the country could go and nationalizing some of the state’s plans could be simplest way to putting these policies and procedures into law and helping those who need the compensation to gain it appropriately and simply. Not only are victims in the United States able to sometimes get compensation but also there are sometimes ways for those in the country of New Zealand to get compensation as well. Not only do major changes need to be made in Australia and the USA but also the country of New Zealand needs to make appropriate changes in order to rectify the ideas of wrongful conviction for those in their country. There have been extreme cases in the country of New Zealand where there has been compensation awarded to victims of wrongful convictions. In New Zealand it is possible that there have been awards made based on the amount of time and energy the wrongly convicted has put into being able to get compensated. However there is no set protocol and there have not been mandatory regulations in this area either. The cases that have been seen and heard which have been awarded money for compensation are all ground breaking and could eventually help to ensure that all of those in the country of New Zealand are compensated if they are wrongly convicted (Goff 2001, pp 1). Not only is there a stride being made in New Zealand for the wrongly convicted but also there is progress being made in the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom it is possible for one to apply for wrongful conviction compensation through a government agency that allows for them to be able to apply for benefits and services. This is done by completing a form and sending it to the Office for Criminal Justice Reform. The decision is then made by the Justice Secretary as to whether or not some form of payment is deserved by the victim. This can mean that a decision could be made that there would be no need for the compensation and no right to it as well although it has been stated that this is highly unlikely in these situations. There are also some limitations and timelines to which the country adheres and they are strict so the victims need to know their rights and they should know that they must apply immediately to be considered for such payment (Compensation for Wrongful Conviction 2008, pp 1-2). It is unclear in the UK as to how one is supposed to learn about these programs and the right to compensation as it seems that it is not something that every wrongly convicted person has been aware of. There has been a lot of information available about the overall use of the follow up procedures and their ability to truly help those people living in the United Kingdom. In 2005 a lot of statistical data was published on this situation in order to the UK’s government to be on board for the Freedom of Information ACT 2000. In these reports it was reported that during the time period as to how many of the wrongful conviction applications were a result of HM Customs and Exise. These cases being more critical as they were entailing a lot more hardships for the wrongly convicted then other standard cases. The issues here include the fact that not all of the victims who were wrongly convicted were awarded compensation and not all of the victims applied for these compensation benefits so one could infer that there is not a lot of information available for those victims of wrongful conviction (Applications for Compensation Following Wrongful Conviction 2005, pp 1-2). Although there have been strides in many countries for those who have been wrongly convicted there is still a long way to go for them to be able to get full compensation for the hardships that they have/will face. The overall solution for those who have been wrongly convicted is a compensation to help the victim to be able to manage life on his/her own without having to face further persecution and issues that are currently on hand for these individuals. A solution for each of the above mentioned countries could be the same. It would a standardized form of follow through. There should be instant proof of one’s innocence and there should be public recants of the crimes which they were wrongly convicted for. The victim’s records should be cleared and it should be safe for them to apply for employment or housing with the persecution that would be there if they were to still have the conviction and the issues associated with it held over their heads. Another thing that needs to be done is a monetary settlement. This monetary settlement should include money for their time served in order to compensate in some way for the life that was lost while these victims were behind bars. Some of the worst parts of wrongful conviction are that the wrongly convicted are typically convicted of the worst crimes, that being the crimes of rape or murder. These wrongly convicted are then required to work out a plan for how they are to get their life back on track after having had mostly everything taken from them in an act of vigilantism on the part of law enforcement and the people in the community. This is often very hard for these wrongly convicted and wrongly accused as this past will undoubtedly follow them. Whether or not they had nothing to do with the crime the stigmas and the negative opinions of others will continue until there is some type of law in place to help assume the responsibility for helping these victims to be able to get back on their feet and no longer be wrongly subjected to these forms of harm and oppression. There needs to be a set standard for compensations and programs in place to help the wrongly convicted to be able to better their lives and themselves.